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Frequently asked questions
What is prostate cancer?
Prostate cancer is caused by an uncontrolled multiplication of prostate cells, forming a cluster of cells called a cancerous tumor. It is one of the most frequent cancers in France with more than 60,000 new cases per year. In most cases, it occurs after 50 years of age.
What are the stages of development of prostate cancers?
The TNM score is a classification system used to assess the stage of a cancer, plan treatment, and predict prognosis.
Three parameters must be taken into account:
- The T describes the size and extent of the primary tumor
- The N indicates whether the cancer faces a regional lymph node extension
- The M indicates whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body, called metastases
Different stages of prostate cancer development exist, depending on how well the cancer cells are spreading. A Cancer in Stadium T1-T2/N0/M0 Corresponds to Cancer Located, that is, with a tumor that is only present in the prostate gland. The next stage (T3-4/N0-1/M0) is synonymous with CancerLocally Advanced. From the moment the cancer reaches the Stage M1, of MetastasisAre beginning to form, that is, the cancer has spread to other organs. Cancer is said Hormone-dependent because the growth of the tumor occurs thanks to the presence of testosterone, a hormone synthesized by the testicles. In the most severe cases, cancer is Hormone-resistantand will therefore not respond to standard hormonal treatments. However, new treatments may be available through clinical trials.
| Primary tumour | Description |
|---|---|
| T0 | There is no sign of a primary tumour. |
| T1 | The tumour cannot be felt during the digital rectal examination (DRE) nor seen on imaging. It might be found by chance during a biopsy or during surgery performed for another health problem related to the prostate or the bladder. |
| T1a | Cancer is found in 5 % or less of the tissue removed. |
| T1b | Cancer is found in more than 5 % of the tissue removed. |
| T1c | The tumour is detected by needle biopsy in one side or in both sides of the prostate. |
| T2 | The tumour can be felt by your doctor during a DRE and seen on imaging. The cancer is found only within the prostate. |
| T2a | The tumour occupies half or less of one side of the prostate. |
| T2b | The tumour occupies more than half of one side of the prostate. |
| T2c | The tumour is present in both sides of the prostate. |
| T3 | The tumour has grown through the outer layer of the prostate. |
| T3a | The tumour has grown through the prostate but has not invaded the seminal vesicles. |
| T3b | The tumour has grown through the prostate and has invaded the seminal vesicles. |
| T4 | The tumour has grown through the prostate and has invaded nearby structures such as the bladder, the rectum, the pelvic muscles and the pelvic wall. |
| Lymph nodes | Description |
|---|---|
| N0 | The cancer has not spread to any nearby lymph node |
| N1 | The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes |
| Distant metastases | Description |
|---|---|
| M0 | The cancer has not spread to other parts of the body |
| M1 | The cancer has spread to other parts of the body |
How is prostate cancer treated?
There are several treatments for prostate cancer, which depend on the stage of the disease, the cancerous tumor, and the patient’s overall health condition.
